NOUN CLAUSES

NOUN CLAUSES

A noun clause is a clause which does the work of a noun in a sentence. It is a group of words containing a subject and a finite verb of its own.

Ever since you first toddled into a school house door, your teachers have been telling you that a noun is a person, place or thing. 

Unfortunately, some erudite linguists have demonstrated that such a definition is entirely too simple.

But since we aren’t linguists, we will lock those fellows in the closet (metaphorically speaking, of course) and hang on to the definition we know: A noun is a person place or thing.

Remember

                                               1. A noun is a part of speech.

                                               2. Subjects and objects are parts of a sentence.

                                               3. Nouns function as subjects or objects.

                                              4. Therefore: Nouns = subjects or objects.

Example:

The burrito gave me heartburn.

("Burrito" and "heartburn" are the nouns in this sentence. "Gave" is the verb and "burrito" is the subject.)

But What About This One?

What I had for breakfast gave me heartburn.

(The verb is still "gave," but the subject is a noun clause: "What I had for breakfast.") 

A sentence like the one above sends some people to the aspirin bottle.

Why isn’t the subject "I"?

Why isn’t it "breakfast"?

Remember

To find the subject of a sentence, locate the verb and ask who or what about the verb. 

In the sentence above, ask "what gave me heartburn?"

"I"? clearly not.

"Breakfast"? not exactly.

"What I had for breakfast"? Right.

"But wait," you say. "I thought a noun was a person place or thing"?

It is. Think about "what I had for breakfast" as being a thing or things. 

Let's look at some more examples:

(the noun clauses are underlined)

What the English teacher said was downright inspiring.

(This noun clause is used as a subject.)

The wonderful thing about English teachers is that they all get along so well.

(This noun clause is used as a subject complement) 

I must decide which English course to take.

(This noun clause is used as a direct object.) 

English teachers dispense wisdom to whoever will listen.

(This noun clause is the object of a preposition)

By now it is becoming clear that lots of dependent signals introduce noun clauses.

Below is a list.

Dependent signals which introduce noun clauses

Ø  Who Whom

Ø  Whose Which

Ø  That if

Ø  Whether What

Ø  When Where

Ø  How Why

Ø  And various forms of "-ever":

Ø  Whoever Whenever

Ø  Whatever Wherever

Notice

Lots of these words are flexible. They can do different things in different sentences

Usually noun clauses begin with that, what, where, when, who, whom, which, whose, how, why, whether, etc. Examples: He said that he would not come. We were all curious to know what he had done. Nobody knows when the registration will begin. We all wanted to find out who the winner was. Whom they were in contact with on the day of the robbery is of great interest to the police. Jane is not sure which university she should apply for. The judges had a hard time deciding whose painting was the best. How the baby fell from the window is a mystery. They asked the boy why he had hit his classmate. Whether you like it or not is not the issue. Uses of Noun Clauses n  After some verbs and adjectives n  To include a question in a statement (embedded questions) n  To report what someone has said or asked Noun clauses can follow certain verbs and adjectives that express mental activities n  Agree              notice                            afraid                positive n  Believe            realize                            angry                sorry n  Decide            remember                       aware                surprised n  Doubt             see                                 certain              sure n  Feel                show                              clear                 worried n  Forget            suppose                         convinced n  Guess             think                               disappointed n  Hear               understand                      glad n  Hope              wonder                           happy n  Imagine          say                                 pleased n  Know               tell                                 sad To include a question in a statement I don’t know what time it is. I wonder how he found out. To report what someone has said or asked He said that he would return. He asked me what I wanted There are three types of Noun Clauses: noun clauses with that noun clauses with WH-word noun clauses with if and whether Noun clauses with THAT can be used with all verbs mentioned except wonder I think that this book will be interesting. The word that can often be omitted. However it can not be omitted if it is in the subject position The fact that is used as the object of the preposition We are curious about the fact that she is here today. Noun clauses with Wh-words They have statement word order, even when they occur within questions Wh + subject + verb I don’t know what he is doing I wonder how he feels today. Where I put my book is a mystery. In conversation, noun clauses can be replaced by so after think hope believe suppose expect know Noun clauses with If/whether are often followed by or not. They are often used in statements that express uncertainty Noun clauses after verbs that show importance or urgency: advise                forbid             recommend ask                   insist                require beg                  order                suggest urge                     request          demand Some expressions that show importance or urgency: It is advisable It is essential It is imperative It is important It is necessary It is urgent After verbs that show importance or urgency, the base form is used. Use the subject pronoun before a base form. For negatives, put not before the base form It is essential that babies have stimulation. I advise that she stay home with her children. Direct (quoted) Speech  vs  Indirect (reported) Speech Direct speech                                                                    Indirect speech Simple present ---------- Present progressive----------- Simple past--------------------- Present perfect----------------- Simple past Past progressive Past perfect Past perfect Direct (quoted) speech States the exact words a speaker used.  In writing, use quotation marks. John said, “ I love this class.” Indirect (reported) speech Reports what a speaker said without using the exact words.  There are no quotation marks. John said that he loved this class. The reporting verbs say and tell are usually in the simple past for both direct and indirect speech. He said, “It’s great.” He said it was great “I’m leaving.” She said she was leaving “I made it.” He said that he had made it. He said to her, “I’ve never lied.” he told her that he had never lied Remember to change pronouns, time and place expressions this and here in indirect speech to keep the speaker’s original meaning. Ann told Rick, “I bought this dress here.” Ann told Rick that she had bought that dress there. He said:                                         Some Modals change forms                                         can – could                                         may –might                                         will – would                                         have to, must – had to                                         could, might, should, would, ought to, and had better do not change form “Are you bringing any fruit into the country?” The customs officer asked the tourists if they were bringing any fruit into the country. “Do you have your transcripts with you?” The registrar asked me if I had my transcripts with me. “Can you fix my car?” I asked the mechanic if he could fix my car. “Did you see the accident?” The police officer asked me if I had seen the accident. “What do you want to be when you grow up?” My first grade teacher asked me what I wanted to be when I grew up. Reported commands and requests Commands and requests are reported using infinitives, not noun clause “Bring the book!” She told me to bring the book.

sumber:

http://www.buowl.boun.edu.tr/students/grammar/writing%20guides/noun%20clauses.htm

http://www.english-for-students.com/Noun-Clause.html

http://www.pitt.edu/~atteberr/comp/0150/grammar/nounclauses.html

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

They are called conditional sentences. A conditional sentence consists of two clauses; the if-clause, and the main clause. The if-clause can come first or second. When it comes first, we usually put a comma between the two clauses.

There are 4 (four) types of conditional sentences, including mixed conditional.

 Conditional Sentence Type 1

The if-clause is in the present tense, the main clause uses will and the infinitive, or simple present.

Conditional Sentence Type 1
TYPE	IF CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE	MEANING
Type 1	Simple present If you work hard,	Simple present you succeed. Simple future you will succeed.	True in the present or possible in future It’s possible to happen in the future

When do we use conditional sentence type 1?

a.     We use conditional sentence type 1 to talk about possible situations in the present or future.

o    If you leave earlier, you will not be late.

o    If you open the windows, the room will get some fresh air.

b.     We often use conditional type 1 to talk about facts or processes:

o    If you heat water to 100 degrees, it will boil.

o    If we stare into the sun, we will hurt our eyes.

Example: If I find her address, I will send her an invitation.

The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a comma.

Example: I will send her an invitation if I find her address.

Note:

Other modal verbs can also be used in place of will and would.

o    If it rains like this all day, the river might flood. (might = will possibly)

o    If it rains like this all day, the river could flood. (could = will be able to)

             Conditional Sentence Type 2

The if-clause is in the simple past or the past continuous tense, the main clause uses would and the infinitive, or would be and the present participle (Verb-ing)

Conditional Sentence Type 2
TYPE	IF CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE	MEANING
Type 2	Simple past If you worked hard, Past continuous If it were not raining now,	would + simple form you would succeed. would be + present participle I would be going out for a walk.	Untrue in the present Fact: You don’t work hard, so you don’t succeed Fact:It’s raining now, so I’m not going out for a walk.

When do we use conditional sentence type 2?

Conditional sentence type 2 is used to talk about actions or situations that are not taking place in the present or future, but we can imagine the probable result.

• If we didn’t live in a big city, we would not have to breathe polluted air everyday. (In truth, we live in a big city)
• If he were here, I would tell him about my plan.
  (In fact, he isn’t here)

Note:

• ‘Were’ is used for both singular and plural subjects.
• The use of type 2 conditional in “If I were you, I would ………” is a common form of advice.

§  Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

§  The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a comma.

§  Example: I would send her an invitation if I found her address.

§        Conditional Sentence Type 3

The if-clause is in the past perfect or the past perfect continuous tense, the main clause uses would have and past participle (Verb 3), or would have been and present participle (Verb-ing).

Conditional Sentence Type 3
TYPE	IF CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE	MEANING
Type 3	Past perfect If you had worked hard, Past perfect continuous If it had not been raining yesterday afternoon,	would have + past participle you would have succeeded. would have been + present participle I would have been going out for a walk.	Untrue in the past Fact: You didn’t work hard, so you didn’t succeed. Fact: It was raining yesterday afternoon. I was not going out for a walk.

When do we use conditional sentence type 3?

Conditional sentence type 3 is used to talk about actions or situations that did not take or were not taking place in the past, but we can imagine the probable result.

• If you had come to the party last night, you would have met my cousin. (In truth, you didn’t come to the party last night)
• If he had not been late this morning, his teacher would not have punished him. (In truth, he was late)

o    Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

o    The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a comma.

o    Example: I would have sent her an invitation if I had found her address.

·  Mixed Conditional Sentence

Mixed conditional sentence is a combination of conditional sentence type 2 and conditional sentence type 3
 

Mixed Conditional Sentence
TYPE	IF CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE	MEANING
Mixed Type	Simple past If I were a bird, Past perfect If you had worked hard,	would have + past participle I would have flown to your place last night. would + simple form you would succeed.	Untrue in the present or future. Fact: I am not a bird, so I didn’t fly to your place. Untrue in the past. Fact: You didn’t work hard. Now, you don’t succeed.

When do we use mixed conditional sentence?

Mixed conditional sentence is used to talk about actions or situations that did not take or were not taking place in the past, but we can imagine the probable result in the present, or actions or situations that do not take place in the present, but we can imagine the probable result in the past.

• If you lived near the factory, you would have heard the sound of the explosion. (In truth, you don’t live near the factory. Therefore, you didn't hear the sound of the explosion.)
• If he had not been late this morning, he would be permitted to join the test. (In truth, he was late. Therefore, he is not permitted to join the test.)