ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

     Adverbial clause

v  An adverbial clause is a dependent clause  that functions as an adverb.                                      In other words, it contains a subject  (explicit or implied) and a predicate,and it modifies a verb.

v  An adverbial clause is a subordinate clause that act as the adverb in a sentence.

              It normally answers the questions: how, when, where, how much.

v  An adverbial clause is an English grammatical construction in which a subordinate clause in a sentence modifies the verb of a main clause.


Adverbial clause diawali dengan penggunaan sebuah subordinate conjunction setelah main clause. 
Subordinate conjunction itu antara lain : after, although, as, as if, as/so long as, as soon as, in order that, no mather, on condition that, provided (that), since, so that, so......that, much....that/ .....much thatsurposing (that), than, though, because, before, even if, even though, for fear that, if, unless, untill, what ever, when, where, when ever, where ever, wether, while.


Adverbial clause di kelompokkan berdasarkan makna dari subordinate conjunction yang mengawalinya sebagai berikut :


1)  Time: when, when ever, while, since, after, before, untill, at. Contoh:
  
     I read novel whenever I had the chanceØ
   He maintained his interest in sports untill he was asØ
   I worked as a Doctor after I finished my educationØ
   I had worked as a seller since was a young girlØ


2) Place : where, wherever, contoh :

     I lived where I was bornØ
   I will take you wherever you wantØ


3) Manner: as, as if. Contoh :
   
       I will do as I have been illØ
    They acted as if they owned the estateØ


4) Comparisan
   
       He can cat as much as we catØ
    She runs faster than I doØ


5) Reason, cause, purpose: as, because, so that, in order that, for fear that, since. Contoh:
   
      He studied the subject so that he could pass the testØ
    It will not be necessary to cook some food because they have bought pizzaØ
    As /since he feels dizzy he will not be able to walk aloneØ


6) Results: so...that, such....than/...such tha Contoh :
    His wound was so serious that he needed to be sent to the hospitalØ
    It was such an interesting movie that I watched it again and againØ
    He skill was such that ge solved the problem very rapidlyØ
  
7) Condition: if, whether, unless, provided (that), on condition that, as/so long as, supposing. 


Contoh:
    He will visit you if it necessary (= perhaps it will be necessary)Ø
    He will visit you whether it is necessary or notØ
    He will not visit you unless it is necessaryØ
    He will consider it provided that all his conditions are metØ


8) Contrast, consession, although, though, even though, no manner if, while, even if, wherever, whenever, as much as, whereas.
 Contoh :
 Wherever I spoke he always listened patientlyØ
 Although he was terribly sick he forced him self if to get upØ
 While I made maby friends, I had to learn on my ownØ



Adverbial clause : introduction
    
       1) When we were in new york , we saw several plays
     2) We saw several playd when we were in New york
“When we were in New York” adalah suatu Adverb Clause. Ini adalah dependent clause. Jadi kalimat ini tidak dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai suatu kalimat, harus dihubungjan dengan independent clause
   3) Because he was sleepy, he want to bed
   4) He want to bed because he was sleepy
   5) Seperti when: Because memperkenalkan suatu adverb clause. Jadi “because he was sleepy” adlah suatu adverb clause
Summary list of wird used to introduce adverb clauses:
      a) Time relationships
      b) Cause and effact
      c) Opposition : even though, though, although, whereas, while
      d) Condition : If, unless, whenther



Using Adverb Clause to show time Relationships:


  After :         (a) After she graduates, she will get a job
                   (b) After she had graduated, she got a job


Before :         (a) I had left before he cames
                 (b) I had left before he came
When :           (a) When I arrived, he was talking on the phone
                 (b) When I got there, he had already left


While as :       (a) While I was walking home, it began to rain
             (b) As I was walking home, it began to rain


By the time:   (a) By the time he arrived, we had already left
              (b) By the time he comes, we will already have left


Since:             (a) I haven`t seen him since he left this morning


Untill, till:        (a) We stayed there untill we finished our work

                (b) We stayed there till we finished our work


As soon as  :      (a) As soon as it stpos raining, we will leave

                 (b) Once it stops raining, we will leave


As long as  :      (a) I will never speak to him again as long as I live


So long as:       (a) I will never speak to him again to long as I live


Whenever:          (a) Whenever I see her, I say hello


Every time :     (a) Every time I see her, I say hello


The first time  : (a) The first time I went to new york, I went to an opera


The last time :  (a) I saw two plays the last time I went to new york


The new time  : (a) The new time I go to new york. I`m going to see a ballet



Using adverb clauses to show cause and effect relationship

  Because :     (a) Because he was sleepy, he want to bed
       Since :     (a) Since he`s not interested


By doing this, the clause essentially plays the same role as an adverb does in a sentence.

In most cases, these clauses are begin by a subordinate conjunction and often show either the timwhen or the reason why that the verb occurs.

As with subordinate clauses, an adverbial clause includes a noun and a verb but cannot stand alone in a sentence like the main clause can.

Sentence structure in the English language is often distinguished by different groups of words that serve a purpose to the overall meaning of the sentence.


A clause in a sentence contains a noun and a verb but it may or may not be able to stand alone.

In some cases, these clauses, much like a single word, can have the function of a part of speech in the sentence.

One of these functioning clauses is an adverbial clause, which behaves in the same manner as an adverb does in a sentence.

In many cases, an adverbial clause is used to modify the main verb in terms of explaining when the action takes place.

For example, imagine the sentence, "After we took the kids to school, we went back at home and rested.

"With this sentence,"After we took the kids to school" acts as the adverb, since it explains when the subjects of the sentence went back home and rested.

     Ø Adverbial Clauses of Reasons

      As

      Since

      Because

      Because of

      Due to

      Owing to

      Thanks to

      The cause of

      The reason for

      On account of

§  As

§  Since

§  Because

Examples:

o   Everyone should see that film as it is very famous.

o   Since I have not see King Kong yet, I will try to get a video of it.

o   We like horror films because we enjoy being scared a little.

§  Because of

§  Due to

§  Owing to

§  Thanks to

§  The cause of

§  The reason for

§  On account of

Examples:

o   Thanks to the music, the film is very exciting.

o   The Alien films are frightening because of the terrible monsters.

o   The Phantom is frightening on account of the terrible defects in his face.

                              


                     Kinds of adverbial clauses

kind of clause	common conjunctions	function	example
time clauses	when, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, until,till, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "when?"); hardly, scarcely, no sooner, etc.	These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.	Her goldfish died when she was young.
conditional clauses	if, unless, lest	These clauses are used to talk about a possible or counterfactual situation and its consequences.	If they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards.
purpose clauses	in order to, so that, in order that	These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.	They had to take some of his land so that they could extend the churchyard.
reason clauses	because, since, as, given	These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.	I couldn't feel anger against him because I liked him too much.
result clauses	so...that	These clauses are used to indicate the result of something.	My suitcase had become so damaged on the journey home that the lid would not stay closed.
concessive clauses	although, though, while	These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.	I used to read a lot although I don't get much time for books now.
place clauses	where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "where?")	These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.	He said he was happy where he was.
clauses of manner	as, like, the way	These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done.	I was never allowed to do things as I wanted to do them.

The Subjunctive in Adverbial Clauses                   I.  Adverbs indicate such things as why, where, when, and how. Typical adverbs in English are words like “soon”, “here” and “quickly”; adverbial phrases are groups of words used in the same way, such as “on Sunday” or “with compassion”. Likewise, an entire clause —remember that a clause has a subject and predicate— may have an adverbial function:  John is working so that she will notice him.    [why] John works wherever we want. [where] Joan works after school is out. [when] Joan works as rapidly as she can. [how] II.  Adverbial clauses are introduced by conjunctions, such as para que (so that), antes de que (before), and hasta que (until). The indicative or subjunctive mood may be required in the adverbial clause in Spanish, or an adverbial phrase (preposition plus infinitive) may be used, depending on:              v  Whether there is a change of subject. If no change of subject is involved and a preposition exists which corresponds to the conjunction, that preposition plus an infinitive is normally used, e.g.: He's saving his money so he can buy a car, Ahorra su dinero para poder comprar un coche. [A list of the corresponding prepositions is given below.]          v  The type situation or time in the adverbial clause. In general, if the situation in the adverbial clause is viewed as something hypothetical or anticipated —rather than completed, habitual, or factual— then the subjunctive is required. Iin contrast, if the adverbial expression deals with something that is viewed as completed, habitual, or factual, the indicative is used. Some adverbial conjunctions by their very nature deal with something hypothetical or anticipated and thus are always followed by the subjunctive; others may take either the subjunctive or the indicative.                                                                                                              III.  Adverbial conjunctions which are ALWAYS followed by the subjunctive (because they always indicate a pending/hypothetical action or state): Conjunction Translation Corresponding preposition a fin de que so that a fin de a condición de que on the condition that a menos que unless a no ser que lest, unless antes (de) que before antes de con tal (de) que provided that con tal de en caso de que in case en caso de no sea que / no fuera que lest, so that ... not (= para no) para que so that para sin que without sin Examples: No voy a menos que venga ella.    I'm not going unless she comes. Salgo a la una con tal que se termine todo. I leave at 1:00 provided everything is done. Trabaja mucho para que vivan bien. She works hard so they (can) live well. No hago nada sin que lo sepan. I don't do anything without their knowing it. I.Normally a preposition is used when no change of subject is involved; it is followed by an infinitive, not the subjunctive or indicative. Examples: Mi hijo vive para tocar la guitarra.    My son lives to play the guitar. Ganaré antes de salir. I'll win before I leave [before leaving.]           II.Adverbial conjunctions of time: The following adverbial conjunctions deal with time, and are followed by the subjunctive when they introduce an anticipated situation. If they introduce one which is viewed as completed or habitual, they are followed by the indicative. Of course, if there is no change of subject involved and a preposition is available, typically the preposition is used with an infinitive. Conjunction Translation Preposition a medida que as, according as Cuando when (al = upon) dado que granted that, in case that después (de) que after después de en cuanto as soon as hasta que until hasta luego que as soon as Mientras while nada más que as soon as por más ... que no matter how much, however much por mucho que no matter how much, however much siempre que whenever, every time that tan pronto como as soon as Examples: Por lo general lo hago cuando nos levantamos.    I usually do it when we get up.    [Indicative] Lo haré cuando nos levantemos. I'll do it when we get up. [Subjunctive] Siempre me lavo los dientes después que comemos. I always brush my teeth after we eat. [Indicative] Me lavaré los dientes después de que comamos. I'll brush my teeth after we eat. [Subjunctive] Los alumnos lo repiten hasta que el profesor está satisfecho. The students repeat it until the professor is satisfied. [Indicative] Los alumnos lo repetirán hasta que él esté satisfecho. The students will repeat it until he is satisfied. [Subjunctive] Trabajamos mientras ellos descansan. We work while they rest. [Indicative] Trabajaremos mientras ellos descansen. We will work while they rest. [Subjunctive] III.Other adverbial conjunctions:                                                                                                  Aunque (although, even though, even if). The indicative is used if a fact is involved or the outcome is known; otherwise the subjunctive is used: Lo haré aunque no le gusta.    I'll do it, even though she doesn't like it.    [Indicative It is a fact that she doesn't like it.] Lo haré aunque no le guste. I'll do it, even though she may not like it. [Subjunctive] De modo que, de manera que (so that; in such a way that). These two expressions are identical. If used similarly to para que (in order that, indicating the purpose of an action), they require the subjunctive; they are used with the indicative if they mean “in such a way that” [followed by the actual result or outcome]: Escribe de modo que todos la entienden.    She writes in such a way [i.e., so clearly] that everyone understands her.    [Indicative] Escribe de modo que todos la entiendan. She writes so that everyone will [might be able to] understand her. [Subjunctive] Como is followed by the subjunctive if it used to mean “if”, by the indicative if it means “because” [at the beginning of a sentence], and by either the indicative or the subjunctive (depending on hypothetical/future aspect) if it means “how(ever)” Como vayas conmigo, te pago la entrada.    If you go with me, I'll pay for your ticket.    [Subjunctive] Como no estás listo, me voy sin ti. Since you're not ready, I'll go without you. [Indicative] Lo hago como dijiste. I'll do it like you said. [Indicative] Lo haré como digas. I'll do it however you (might) say. sumber: http://tionez.blogspot.com/2011/02/adverbial-clause-adverbial-clause.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbial_clause  [Subjunctive]